• Conduct a credit transaction.
• Make an employment decision.
• Underwrite insurance.
• Conduct a legitimate business transaction.

The 1971 FCRA also provided that your credit report may be reviewed in response to a court order or federal grand jury subpoena.

Anyone who knowingly and willfully obtains a credit report under false pretenses may be fined up to $5,000 and imprisoned for up to one year.

The new version of the law that went into effect on September 30, 1997 further protects credit-active consumers and gives them more control over their credit information.

Highlights of the updated version of the FCRA law are summarized below.

Credit Reports

• Anyone reviewing your credit report for any reason other than those listed above is now guilty of a felony, instead of a misdemeanor as in the old law. Credit bureaus and other information providers must take careful precautions to make sure that they are disclosing credit information to users who are obtaining it for legal, permissible purposes as outlined in the FCRA. Any credit grantor or other entity that wants to obtain credit reports from a credit bureau must certify to the bureau the legally authorized purpose(s) for which it will use the reports.
• Free credit reports must be provided once a year to victims of identity fraud and anyone who is unemployed or poor. Individuals who have been denied credit may obtain a free credit report within 60 days, instead of 30 days as in the old law. Anyone else who requests a credit report will be charged up to $8.00 per report (this price will be adjusted for inflation).
• Potential employers may no longer use credit reports to make employment decisions without the consent of the job applicant. Before the potential employer can deny offering the job to the applicant based on the information in the credit report, the applicant must receive a copy of the report.

Credit Disputes

• When a consumer disputes credit information on his or her credit report, the three major credit bureaus, Experian, formerly TRW, Equifax, and TransUnion, must notify each other of the reinvestigation. In the past, it was the consumer's responsibility to notify each bureau.
• Under the updated law, credit bureaus are required to use information supplied by the consumer as well as the credit grantor when reinvestigating inaccurate credit information. This was not a requirement under the old law, and bureaus relied primarily on the credit grantor's version.
• Reinvestigations requested by consumers must be completed within 30 days by the major credit bureaus.
• If the completeness or accuracy of any data reported by a credit grantor to a credit bureau continues to be disputed by a consumer after the information has been reinvestigated by the credit grantor, the credit grantor may not report the information to the credit bureaus without indicating that it is still being disputed by the consumer.
• Bureaus as well as credit grantors (such as banks or retailers) must provide consumers with better notices of their rights. In the past, when a consumer was denied credit, the credit grantor was required to include the name and address of the credit bureau that supplied the report on which the decision was based. Under the new law, the following information must also be included:
  • Phone number of the credit bureau (including a toll-free number if it is one of the three major bureaus).
  • A statement that the credit bureau did not make the decision to take adverse action.
  • Notice of the consumer's right to obtain a free copy of the report from the credit bureau by submitting a written request within 60 days.
  • Notice of the consumer's right to dispute the accuracy or completeness of the information in his or her report with the credit bureau.

Credit Accuracy

• Banks, retailers, and credit card issuers that report credit information to credit bureaus are now, for the first time, held responsible for ensuring that the information they report is as accurate as they can make it (i.e., they must use information supplied by the consumer to correct or update their own records before reporting it). In addition, these credit grantors are required to assist credit bureaus in reinvestigations.
• If a consumer closes out a credit account, the credit bureau, bank, or retailer must label the account as one in good standing that was closed at the consumer's request. In the past, creditors many times assumed that if an account was closed, it was done at the request of the credit grantor, and this was interpreted as negative payment behavior on the part of the consumer.

Credit Offers

• Prescreened lists, which banks, retailers, and credit card issuers purchase from credit bureaus and use to identify qualified and interested consumers to whom they market credit cards and other retail loans, have also been affected by the FCRA amendment. Under the old law, companies who used the lists were required to send "firm" credit offers to creditworthy consumers, meaning that even if it was determined later that the consumer did not qualify, the offer could not be withdrawn. Under the new law, card issuers can withdraw an offer of credit if the consumer does not meet the prescreening criteria.
• Banks are required to provide consumers with a new prescreening disclosure that explains that the offer results from prescreening by a credit bureau, and that consumers may notify the credit bureau if they wish to be dropped from future prescreening.
• The three major bureaus must provide a joint toll-free number for consumers to call who wish to opt out of prescreened lists.

Credit Clinics
Credit repair clinics often charge consumers hundreds or thousands of dollars to allegedly "fix" bad credit reports. Although these clinics claim to be able to eliminate negative credit information from a consumer's file, if the negative information is accurate, it will remain on the consumer's credit report for up to 10 years. This is mandated by Federal law. If the consumer pays the credit repair clinic before it performs its services, the consumer may lose a great deal of money. Under the new law, credit repair clinics may no longer collect a fee before performing their services.